There is a connection between these hormones and the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, which are associated with increased risk of breast and ovarian cancers.
Oestrogen, Progesterone and the BRCA1/2 Genes
Oestrogen
Oestrogen is a group of hormones primarily produced by the ovaries and, to a lesser extent, by the testes.
It develops of secondary sexual characteristics, including breast development and regulation of the menstrual cycle.
Oestrogen also influences bone health, cardiovascular health, and mood.
Progesterone
Progesterone is produced primarily by the ovaries, specifically during the second half of the menstrual cycle.
It prepares the womb lining for potential pregnancy and helps maintain pregnancy if it occurs.
Progesterone is involved in regulating the menstrual cycle and contributes to mood stability.
BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genes
- The BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are tumour suppressor genes responsible for repairing damaged DNA and preventing the formation of cancerous cells.
- Mutations in these genes can lead to a significantly increased risk of breast and ovarian cancers, among others.
Oestrogen, Progesterone, and Cancer Risk
- Oestrogen stimulates the growth of breast and ovarian tissues, which is why it is considered a risk factor for these cancers.
- Progesterone can counterbalance the effects of oestrogen by inhibiting cell growth and promoting cell differentiation, potentially reducing the risk of certain hormone-sensitive cancers.
Interaction Between Hormones and BRCA1/2 Mutations
Women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations have an elevated risk of developing breast and ovarian cancers.
Oestrogen replacement therapy in women with these mutations has raised concerns about potentially increasing cancer risk.
The interaction between hormone therapy and BRCA1/2 mutations is complex and requires careful consideration.
Implications and Considerations
Individualised Approach: It’s essential to take an individualised approach when considering hormone therapy for individuals with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. The decision should involve discussions with sources that are knowledgeable about cancer risk and hormone therapy.
Monitoring: People with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations may be monitored, including regular mammograms, breast MRI, and ovarian ultrasounds to detect cancers at an early, more treatable stage.
Risk Reduction Strategies: Risk-reducing surgeries such as mastectomy or oophorectomy (removal of the ovaries) may be considered to reduce cancer risk. In these cases, it would be unwise to promote breast development with gender-affirming hormones if the risk is considered to be this high.
Lifestyle Factors: Lifestyle factors, like maintaining a healthy weight, regular exercise, and a balanced diet, can influence cancer risk and overall health.