Sperm collection and storage (sperm cryopreservation or sperm banking) is a procedure used to preserve sperm for future use.
Collection
Masturbation: the most common method for collecting sperm is through masturbation, done in a private room at a fertility clinic or sperm bank. The individual is asked to ejaculate into a sterile container.
Electroejaculation: used for individuals with certain medical conditions or spinal cord injuries, this technique uses a mild electrical current to stimulate ejaculation.
Surgical Retrieval: Testicular Sperm Extraction (TESE) or Percutaneous Epididymal Sperm Aspiration (PESA) are used when sperm can’t be obtained through ejaculation. These procedures involve retrieving sperm directly from the testicles or epididymis.
Analysis
Once collected, the semen sample is analysed in a laboratory. The analysis assesses:
Sperm Count: number of sperm present in the sample.
Motility: ability of sperm to move efficiently.
Morphology: shape and structure of the sperm.
Viability: proportion of living sperm in the sample.
Freezing and Storage
Freezing Process (Cryopreservation): viable sperm are mixed with a cryoprotectant solution to protect them from the freezing process. The sample is frozen using liquid nitrogen, which rapidly brings the temperature down to -196°C (-320.8°F).
Long-term Storage: frozen sperm is stored in cryovials or straws in liquid nitrogen tanks. It can remain viable for many years, although the exact duration can vary. Some studies suggest that frozen sperm can remain viable for decades without significant degradation in quality.
Using the Stored Sperm
When you decide to use the stored sperm, the sample is carefully thawed and used in techniques like Intrauterine Insemination (IUI), In Vitro Fertilization (IVF), or Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI), depending on the fertility needs and circumstances.
Considerations
Timing: It’s recommended to abstain from ejaculation for 2-3 days prior to the collection for optimal sperm quality.
Legal and Administrative Aspects: There are consent forms and legal paperwork involved, outlining the terms of use, storage, and disposal of the sperm.
Cost: There are costs associated with collection, analysis, freezing, and storage. These can vary depending on the facility and region.
Sperm banking should be done at a certified fertility clinic or sperm bank to ensure the quality and safety of the process. You should consult with a specialist for personalised advice and guidance.
If you’re interested in preserving fertility, you can book a Fertility Referral Session to explore your options. You can ask any questions you have and learn more about private (non-NHS) clinics in your area that suit your needs.